Highlights•AI as automated respondents reduces citizen-initiated contact; learning-driven AI worsens the effect more than rule-driven AI.•Respondent image, channel, purpose, and matter affect citizen contact but hardly mitigate AI's negative impact.•Unlike the digital divide, young, highly educated individuals are least likely to contact AI respondents in government.•The gap between AI adop...
Highlights•AI adoption is a continuum rather than a dichotomous.•The underlying causes of global governmental AI adoption divide is explored.•Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) models are utilized.•Technological infrastructure, institutional quality, finance resources, population structure, economic development and globalization are important.AbstractDespite the recognized potential ...
Highlights•Examining public expectations and knowledge of AI through the theoretical lens of technological frames.•There are similarities and differences in the public’s technological frames before and after the launch of ChatGPT.•Public's technological frames are contentious, preliminary, complicating the conceptualization of guidance and solutions.•AI governance should focus on effective...